A medieval recipe for stuffed eggs

Stuffed eggs from early sixteenth century

The oldest extant Dutch cookbook in print dates from 1514. It is titled Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen (A noble cookery book). The recipe on this page is taken from this book wich has 175 recipes in all. Stuffed eggs have allways been a popular dish. This particular recipe is called ghecloven nonnen, in English: ‘split nuns’. Why are they called thus? Maybe the halved egg whites with their goldenbrown stuffing reminded people of the wrinkled faces of elderly nuns in their white caps. In Eenen seer schoonen ende excelenten Cock boeck (A very nice and excellent cook book, 1593) by Carolus Battus you can find another recipe for “split nuns”. The stuffing of these eggs is more simple, only apple and cinnamon are added to the yolks.

In my adaptation of the recipe the stuffed eggs are coated with raw egg white before frying. This is not what the recipe says, but in other, contemporary recipes for stuffed eggs it is frequently mentioned. The eggs get a slightly crunchy outer layer, I like that. I’ve prepared these eggs often, and they are always appreciated.

The use of saffron, ginger and cinnamon indicates that this recipe was meant for the well-to-do households. Spices were very expensive around 1500.

The Notabel boecxken may be the oldest printed Dutch cookbook, but there are three Dutch manuscripts that are slighly older, see here for more information.

The original recipe

From Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen, p.46 (see bibliography). Another recipe from this cookery book is for spiced wine, Clareit; two German recipes for stuffed eggs from the fifteenth century can be found here and here.

Ghecloven nonnen te maken.
Neempt eyeren ende sietse wel hert. Dan doet hen af haer scellen ende peltse ende soe snijtse overmydts in de helicht ontwee. Dan neempt die doderen van den selven eyeren ende stoodt dye in eenen morselle al ontwee. Maer eerst so doet er luttele soferaens in, caneel ende ghimbare, savie, petercelie. Ende wylt men, men doet er oock inne pepere ende appelen. Dan stoot alle dat voerscreven staet wel ontwee tesamen ende vult daermede dat witte vanden eyeren, daer ghi die doren uutghetrocken hebt. Dan so bact dye eyeren in raeptsmout oft in botere. Ende alst ghebacken es, dan stroyt ment met caneelpoedere ende brootsuicker tegader gheminghelt opt vulsele. Ende als ghi deze eyeren ter tafel dient, soe legtse in de schotelen metten openen opweerts, te wetene metten vulsele opweerts.

‘Split nuns’ (Stuffed eggs)
Take eggs and boil them very hard. Then take off the shell and peel them and cut them in half lengthwise. Then take the yolks of these eggs and grind them in a mortar. But first you add some saffron, cinnamon and ginger, sage, parsley. And if so desired, one may add pepper and apples. Then grind all the aforementioned well together and stuff the whites of the eggs from wich you took the yolks with it. Then fry the eggs in rapeseed oil or butter. And when [the eggs are] fried, sprinkle ground cinnamon and loafsugar mixed together on the stuffing. And when you serve these eggs, put them on the serving dish with the open side up, that is with the stuffing up.

Modern adaptation of the recipe

First course or side dish for 4 to 8 persons; preparation in advance 15 minutes; preparations 5 minutes.

4 hard-boiled eggs
½ tsp cinnamon
½ tsp gingerpowder
4 leafs of fresh sage or 1 tsp dried sage
1½ tsp finely chopped parsley
½ sour apple (peeled and decored, grated)
pepper, salt to taste
1 Tbsp apple cidre vinegar
¼ tsp saffron
1 raw egg white
butter or (rapeseed)oil
½ tl powdered cinnamon and sugar (onderlinge verhouding 1:1)

Preparation in advance

Peel the eggs, cut them in half lengthwise. Take out the yolks and mash them with a fork, together with the spices, herbs and grated apple.
If you want the stuffing to be very yellow you heat a tablespoon of vinegar, and crush the threads of saffron in it. Add vinegar with crushed saffron to the stuffing. Stuff the eggwhites.

Preparation

Stir the raw egg white with a fork. Roll the stuffed eggs through the raw egg white, and fry them in a frying-pan with heated oil or butter. First fry the eggs with the stuffing downward, after one minute turn them carefully to fry the other side. One minute more and they are ready to be served.

To serve

These eggs can be eaten either hot or at room-temperature. Sprinkle cinnamon and sugar on top of the eggs just before serving. You can surprise your family at Easter-breakfeast, serve the eggs as a snack, or as the first course in a mediaeval menu.

Ingredients

All decriptions of ingredients

Sugarloaf

We buy our sugar mostly granulated or powdered, but in the past sugar was sold as cone-shaped sugarloaf. Before using it, the sugar had to be grated on special graters. Before 1600 all sugar was cane sugar. I don’t know whether it is the same everywhere else, but in the Netherlands cane sugar is always light brown, either from added molasses, or from not being 100% refined. Refined cane sugar is as white as refined beet sugar. Unrefined brown sugar may contain small traces of minerals and such, but nothing you don’t get by consuming your ordinary daily food. However, there is a slight difference in flavour, brown sugar has more taste.
The sugarloafs on medieval miniatures are white, not brown. The cane sugar was as refined as possible. If you want to prepare medieval recipes the authentic way, you’ll have to use white, refined cane sugar. If you can’t get that, you’ll have to choose: either use unrefined cane sugar which has a slightly different flavour and can end up colouring the prepared dish in an unintended way, or use refined beet sugar which has the same flavour and colour as refined cane sugar, but is actually an anachronism.

Sage

A decorative perennial evergreen, Salvia officinalis. If you have the use of a garden, be sure to plant one! You can pick the leaves all year round. Classical combinations are with chicken livers, with onions as a stuffing for pork, and in several egg dishes. Be careful, the taste can become overbearing.
Originally sage was used as a medicine (as the Latin name shows), but by the Late Middle Ages sage also became an ingredient in recipes for food.

Bibliography

The editions below were used by me. Links refer to available editions.

R. Jansen-Sieben and M. van der Molen Willebrands, Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen. Het eerste gedrukte Nederlandstalige kookboek circa 1514 uitgegeven te Brussel door Thomas Vander Noot. Amsterdam, 1994. (Internet edition).