Verjuice

Wine nor vinegar

Literally verjuice means ‘green juice’ (from French ‘jus vert’). It is the juice from unripe grapes, unripe apples, sorrel, goose berries, whatever, as long as it is sour. It is a common ingredient in medieval recipes, and even in later recipes up to the seventeenth century. Then it was no longer in use until these days when it is making a slow come back. There are even commercial producers of verjuice again.

The flavour of verjuice

The fifteenth-century humanist Platina cites the Roman Macrobius’ description of the taste of verjuice: Vinegar is sharper than verjuice (“acetum acerbius acore est”, edition Milham, II.26 – see bibliography).

Verjuice becomes milder in taste as it gets older, and it will not keep indefinitively. It was used frequently in medieval kitchens. It could happen that in the summer the old stock of verjuice had gone off, or was simply used up. There are several recipes for ‘summer verjuice’ that were meant to tide things over until verjuice from the newly harvested grapes was available. But this new verjuice was often too sharp in taste. If there was any old verjuice left, both kinds of verjuice were often blended (Ménagier de Paris, edition Brereton and Ferrier p.260 – see bibliography). This makes me wonder whether commercial verjuice is actually old verjuice, because it has a very mild taste. You can even drink it like a refreshing grape juice. I know this because I once mistook the bottle of commercially made verjuice for  a bottle of sherry.

Because verjuice was not available the whole year round recipes mention alternatives like vinegar, gooseberry juice, lemon juice or rose water (which amazes me, because that isn’t sour at all). In Northwest-Europe verjuice was probably made from apples rather than grapes. So apple vinegar may be an excellent alternative if you can’t buy or make verjuice.

Making verjuice at home

In my garden grows an exuberant grape, a blue Frankenthaler, that has yielded quite a harvest this year (2006). So I decided to make my own veruice. After reading the discussion about verjuice on Florilegium and leafing through some historical texts I have chosen to proceed as follows:

Because the grapes already started to turn colour I harvested part of them on August 22 (2006, see picture of grapes in small woorden barrel). First I shook the bunches firmly, to get rid of the little creepy crawlies. Then I plucked the grapes from their stems, very quickly and roughly. The grapes were NOT rinsed, because it seems that the natural yeasts on the grape skins will cause a light fermentation (it will never be much, because there simply isn’t enough sugar).

Then the grapes had to be pressed. I don’t have a juice extractor, and everybody around me who has ever had such an appliance had gotten rid of it a long time ago. It seems juice extractors are not popular. I started the old-fashioned way by using a purée sieve, but soon I decided to just throw the grapes into the blender for a few seconds before putting them into a sieve under light pressure to release the juices.

The first result was a brightly green, turbid juice that tasted very sour, but distinctly of grapes. The next step was to leave the juice with some dry-roasted sea salt for a day and a half, covered with a folded linen cloth. There were no air bubbles left, so I presume that whatever fermentation had taken place was finished.

The last step was to filter the juice through finely-woven kitchen towels, and freeze it in ice cube holders. The juice never became completely clear, even after filtering three times (see picture). When I tasted the end result, it was still more sour than commercial verjuice but the taste of grapes was still clearly recognizable.

Recipes with verjuice on this site: Heavenly blue sauce, Meatballs in head-lettuce, Eggplants in eggplant sauce, Marinated veal cutlets.

Grape varieties and when to harvest grapes for verjuice

You can’t make verjuice of just any grape. Sources mention varieties that are good for making verjuice, and varieties that yield excellent wine, but there are no varieties that are good for both. One of the grape varieties that is praised for its qualities for verjuice is the Gouais. This white grape is almost extinct (because not commercially useful), but its DNA is present in several new grape varieties that resulted from crossing it with the Pinot. Chardonay is one of the results of this crossing.

On Florilegium the discussion on when to harvest grapes for making verjuice has resulted in: “pick them before the grapes are ripe and start turning colour”, which is interpreted as somewhere between the beginning of August and the beginning of September. I followed these directions. (Especially as it was already well into August before I even thuoght of making verjuice). But from Pliny’s Naturalis Historiae (edition Teubner 12.60 – see bibliography) and the Ménagier de Paris one could conclude that grapes for verjuice must be picked earlier in the year, at the beginning of July. Pliny also mentions that the grapes must be the size of chick peas, and be picked before the dog days (after July 6th); the Ménagier advises to blend old and new verjuice because “in july the good verjuice is very weak and the new verjuice is still too green (meaning fresh)”. So new verjuice was already available in July.

Verjuice in summer and in winter

Gheeraert Vorselman has provided two recipes for verjuice in his Nyeuwen coock boeck (‘New cook book’, 1560, edition Cockx-Indestege recipes XVI.22 and XVI.23 – see bibliography). The recipe for summer verjuice was well known. An older version can be found in the Middle Dutch manuscript KANTL Gent 15.1. In Le Ménagier de Paris from the fourteenth century there is also a recipe for summer verjuice, which uses white (which means old) verjuice instead of vinegar and wine (“Vertjus d’ozeille”, edition Brereton and Ferrier p.258 – see bibliography). This rather defeats the purpose of making summer verjuice when the old verjuice has run out. The recipe for winter verjuice can also be found in the Medecynboec from 1593 by Carolus Battus (see bibliography). The salt is not roasted, and the verjuice is boiled to conserve it.

Gheeraert Vorselman geeft in zijn Nyeuwen coock boeck (1560) twee recepten voor verjus (in editie Cockx-Indestege recepten XVI.22 en XVI.23 – zie bibliografie). Het recept voor zomerverjus was wijd verbreid. Een oudere versie staat in het Middelnederlandse manuscript KANTL Gent 15.1. Het komt ook voor in Le Ménagier de Paris uit de veertiende eeuw, waar in plaats van azijn en wijn witte (oude) verjus van zuring wordt gebruikt (“Vertjus d’ozeille”, editie Brereton en Ferrier p.258 – zie bibliografie). Maar als je oude verjus nodig hebt om zomerverjus te maken en die is op of bedorven, dan heb je er nóg niets aan. Het recept voor winterverjus staat ook in het Medecynboec uit 1593 van Carolus Battus (zie bibliografie ). Hij gebruikt ongeroosterd zout, maar kookt het druivesap om het langer houdbaar te maken. Als je druiven door een slechte zomer te zuur zijn gebleven, zou je het sap kunnen pasteuriseren in een sapketel en daar verjus van kunnen maken.

Ingredients

All descriptions of ingredients

Medlar

The fruit of a small tree (the Mespilus germanica) that is related to apples. The fruit resembles an apple, but what is at the core of the apple, is visible at the underside of the medlar. They are, even when fully ripened, unedible, they are too firm. The saying “rotten as a medlar” comes from the fact that only when the fruit is brown and soft through fermentation it can be eaten. And even then many people are repulsed by the medlar.
Medlars used to be added to must to enhance taste and durability, which is probably also why Vorsselman advizes added medlars to verjuice.
I didn’t use medlars in my verjuice. Maybe next year.

Must

This is fermenting grape juice. When ripe grapes are pressed, the juice will ferment (through natural or added yeast). Must can’t be kept in a closed container, the gasses must be able to escape. When the first, hefty yeasting is over the must will ripen into young wine. Must is only available just after the grapes are pressed after harvesting, for a short period. I once drank it in October in Wallis (the wine province of Switzerland). It was frizzy and refreshing in taste.

Bibliography

The editions below were used by me. Links refer to available editions.
All books mentioned on Coquinaria

• Carolus Battus, Medecynboec[…]. Hier is oock byghevoecht, eene seer excellenten, gheëxperimenteerden nieuwen Cocboeck. Dordrecht, 1593 (online edition).
• G.E Brereton and J.M. Ferrier, Le Menagier De Paris: A Critical Edition (Oxford, 1981). The edition Le Mesnagier de Paris has the Oldfrench text, but not the notes, of Brereton and Ferrier, with a translation in modern French by Karin Ueltschi (Paris, 1994).
• M.E. Milham, Platina: On Right Pleasure and Good Health: Critical Edition and Translation of “De Honesta Voluptate et Valetudine” (Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, V. 168). Med.&Ren. Texts & Studies vol.168, Tempe/Arizona, 1998.
• Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis. Online Latin (edition K.T. H. Mayhoff, 1906) and  English (based on edition Bostock and Riley, 1855).
• E. Cockx-Indestege, Eenen nyeuwen coock boeck. Kookboek samengesteld door Gheeraert Vorselman en gedrukt te Antwerpen in 1560. (‘A new cookbook by Gheeraert Vorselman’) Wiesbaden, 1971.

Verjuice, a medieval condiment
© Author Christianne Muusers